ETC ( Electron Transport Chain)

=Electron Transport Chain

Table of Contents

1.     1. Introduction

2.     2. Overview

1.     2.1. The Electron Carriers

2.     2.2. Not Shown

3.     3. Electron Flow

4.     4. Proton Motive Force

5.     5. References

6.     6. Outside links

7.     7. Problems

8.     8. Contributors

The electron transport chain (aka ETC) is a process in which the NADH and [FADH₂] produced during glycolysis, β-oxidation, and other catabolic processes are oxidized thus releasing energy in the form of ATP. The mechanism by which ATP is formed in the ETC is called chemiosmotic phosphorolation.

Electron transport chain

"The electron transport chain in the mitochondrion is the site ofoxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes. The NADH and succinate generated in the citric acid cycle are oxidized, providing energy to powerATP synthase.

Photosynthetic electron transport chain of the thylakoid membrane."

An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer ofprotons (H⁺ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis, or the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen.

Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight inphotosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site ofoxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. Inbacteria, the electron transport chain is located in theircell membrane.

In chloroplasts, light drives the conversion of water tooxygen and NADP⁺ to NADPH with transfer of H⁺ ions across chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, it is the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD⁺ andsuccinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient.

Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen, generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress.

An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer ofprotons (H⁺ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis, or the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen.

Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight inphotosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site ofoxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. Inbacteria, the electron transport chain is located in theircell membrane.